Chapter+18+(18th+Century+States,+Wars+and+Social+Change)

=**Jake&Meghan**= =**1. Big Ideas** we should understand about this area in the European story...= Enlightened Absolutism aka Enlightened Despotism - Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great, Joseph II; Rulers who have reforms that give freedom of speech and press, religious toleration, the right to have property, and more reforms like those such as freedom to the serfs. The War of Austrian Succession - Because Maria Theresa took the throne in the Austrian Empire, many people saw it as a chance to take from the empire including Prussia which took Silesia. The 7 Year's War - Refusing to accept the loss of Silesia, Maria Theresa built up an army and prepared for war. There were three major areas of conflict: Europe, India, and North America. It involved the major powers in Europe: France, Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Social Change and Family Life - Children used to be looked at like little adults but that was slowly changing, it was more common now to see the child years as a growing stage. Social Order - The large gap between the 3rd estate and the 2nd estate was slowly closing and a new middle class was forming. Agricultural Revolution - Because of changes in technology, new agricultural techniques were developed that helped to produce more crops as well as conserve soil and soil fertility.

=**2. Contextual factors** we should remember when writing about this topic? Consider when, where, what happened before...= Enlightenment Scientific Revolution The eighteenth century was the end of "Europe's old order, still largely agrarian, dominated by kings and landed aristocrats, and grounded in privileges for nobles, clergy, towns, and provinces, seemed to continue a basic pattern that had prevailed in Europe since medieval times." - Spielvogel 516

=3. Historical debates / approaches that are playing out amongst scholars to understand this topic?= The ways in which Balance of Power and Reason of State affected international relations and the political climate of a nation state. The improvements of the agricultural practices and methods in the eighteenth century led to an agricultural revolution. Political, economic, and social changes and their relationships. The causes and results of the Seven Years' War. The effect of Enlightened Absolutism and the degree to which the ideals were carried out in Prussia, Austria, and Russia.

=**4.**= 1740- Maria Theresa takes the throne in Austria Frederick the Great takes the throne in Prussia War of the Austrian Succession 1756- The Seven Years' War 1762- Catherine the Great takes the throne in Russia 1772- First Partition of Poland 1773- Pugachev's Rebellion 1793- Second Partition of Poland 1795- Third Partition of Poland

=5. Multiple Choice Questions= 1. When Silesia was taken from the Austrians there was a feeling of _ meaning they wanted it back which led to the Seven Years' War. A. Détente B. Irredentism C. Coalition D. Hegemony E. Containment

2. Enlightened Despots tried to change the way of their countries who was the least successful and why? A. Catherine the Great - Everything she tried failed even though she changed many things. B. Frederick the Great - Gave up serfdom and they revolted C. Joseph II - He abolished serfdom, and gave religious toleration, but it caused too much of an uproar D. Catherine the Great - Only changed some things, but what she did change had little to no impact on her country. E. Joseph II - Didn't do anything to help change his country and therefore was unsuccessful at being an enlightened despot.

3. Which most accurately describes the change in parenting style during the 18th Century? A. Parents became less involved in the child's life than they were in the 16th and 17th C, allowing them more independence from an early age B. Children were sent away or raised by nurses in their developmental stages, rather than the 17th C style of rearing children at home C. Children were viewed as miniature adults prior to the 18th C, wheras after, they were allowed a true childhood D. Prior to the 18th C, children were not expected to socially or emotionally mature until adolescence, whereas after, they were raised as miniature adults E. With the increasing possibility of the lower classes reaching nobility, children were educated from a young age; most could read by the age of three

4. Which most accurately represents why the Seven Years' War is commonly referred to as the first true world war? A. It affected every continent on the globe B. Every nation in the Northern Hemisphere had some sort of vested interest in the outcome C. It had the largest casualty count of any war to date D. It was the first war fought in several theaters across the globe and involved complex alliances between mulitple nations E. It was the first attempt of a European nation at world domination