Chapter+17-+The+Enlightenment

=**Maggie&Camille**= =**1. Big Ideas** we should understand about this area in the European story...= -Locke: Tabla Rasa, "human beings possess free will", government has a contract with the people, republic is the best form of government, neither kings nor wealth are divinely ordained, natural rights: life, liberty, property. -Kant: Dare to know (Through different empirical epistimologies disgarding the supernatural world as an axiom) -Montesquieu: Political Thought -Diderot: //Encyclopedia// //-//Voltaire: Critic of traditional religion. Believed in religious toleration -Marie-Jean Condorcet: claim to progress -Rosseau: Social Contract -Wollstonecraft: Question of women's' rights -Rococo: Reflects innovations of art -Development of the novel: philosophes were publishing pamphlets. They were easier to access than in previous time periods. -Reason and logic were starting to prevail over traditions and superstitions. -rationalism (deductive reasoning: Decartes) -empiricism (Locke) -tolerance (Voltaire) -skepticism (Hume) -deism (Most philosophes) -Enlightened Despots: nobles who put philosophe ideas into action -Enlightened War -Church-state relations and new religious toleration -High and popular culture =**2. Contextual factors** we should remember when writing about this topic? Consider when, where, what happened before...= Causes of the Enlightenment: 1. 30 Years War: absolute monarchies (weakening of religious authority, reveled mistreatment of the monarchy) 2. Scientific Revolution: Newton’s natural laws (wanted to find all the natural laws of the universe), Kepler and Galileo disproved existing universal theories. 3. Descartes (I think therefore, I am; to truly know anything, first we must doubt everything) and Bacon with the scientific method (inductive/deductive), 4. New Lockean or Hobbesian forms of government 5. Glorious Revolution (brought separation of power) 6. The Renaissance: more emphasis on individualism and secularism, people began using their gifts and figuring things out for themselves, rather than rely on the Church 7. The Reformation: Questioning the authority of the Catholic Church 8. The third estate wasn't feeling the Enlightenment much; the philosophical discussions and changing religious values were taking place in the first and second estate.

Which all amounted in the Enlightenment – a departure from the Middle Ages, a new “project” to take place, new thought: reason, religion-deism, decline of the HRE, and new philosophy =3. Historical debates / approaches that are playing out amongst scholars to understand this topic?= 1. Did women's rights advance because of the Enlightenment? 2. Did the Enlightenment promote religious tolerance or lessen the influence of religion?

=4. Timeline= 1690: Locke publishes //Two Treatises on Government.// 1733: Voltaire published //Philosophic Letters to the English.// 1762: Rousseau published //The Social Contract, Emile// 1751-65: Diderot published //The Encyclopedia// 1763: Voltaire published //Treaties on Toleration//. 1776: Smith published //The Wealth of Nations.// 1784: Immanuel Kant publishes his //Critique of Pure Reason//, his analysis of the human mind and how it relates to nature. 1787: Enlightenment Philosopher Condorcet published a treatise on the rights of women. He said that women have the same natural rights as men. 1789: The beginning of the French Revolution! 1791: Thomas Paine's //Rights of Man// was written. 1794: Thomas Paine's //The Age of Reason// was written. Condorcet wrote //The Progress of the Human Mind.// =**Questions:**= 1) Montesquieu and Voltaire had similar thoughts and opinions about the following EXECPT A) Religious tolerance B) Admiration of England C) Separation of Power D) The use of reason and natural law in discovery

2) Ideas associated with Rousseau’s Social Contract involve the following EXECPT: A) Governance by general will B) Integrating individual liberty with governmental authority C) Participatory democracy D) A monarchy

3) Which group experienced the least growth in rights during the Enlightenment? A) Merchants B) Women C) Artisans D) Nobles E) First Estate

4) All the ideals came about during the Enlightenment EXCEPT A) Empiricism B) Skepticism C) Deductive Reasoning D) Secularism E) Deism