Chapter+22

Chapter 22 Ellie Doering & Abby Danowitz

-The failed revolutions of 1848 played a large role in the reconstruction of authoritarian governments -National Unity had, in some areas been achieved -The practice of Realpolitik became especially popular -Otto Von Bismarck -National Unification of Italy and Germany -The effects of the Crimean War on foreign policy -Nation-Building and Reform- Freedom of serfs, workers' reforms, etc. -The Victorian Age of Britain and its relation to the economy -The US Civil War -The emerging popularity of Marx and Marxism -Industrialization -Realism-Art and Literature -Expansion of science and culture-Darwin and evolution, for example
 * Big ideas and events we should understand about this time in history**

**2. Contextual factors** we should remember when writing about this topic? Consider when, where, what happened before
- The Eastern Question was emerging as an important issue - Crimean War - Greek Independence - Interventionism and the Concert of Vienna - Second Napoleonic Empire in France - Italy - Germany - Victorian England - American Civil War - Art - Science
 * What do we do with the land that's left over as the Ottoman Empire loses it's grip?
 * Causation influenced by Romanticism to some degree. (Wish to protect Christians in the Ottoman Empire)
 * Proved to be weak
 * Appears confused (sent armies to __support__ revolution in Greece)
 * The loss of "Balance of Power" thesis
 * For the past over half a century, France's government had been in turmoil.
 * Garibaldi puts down his sword and his cause for Italian unification (he had been against a monarchy)
 * Language could be a unifying vehicle
 * Zollverein
 * Von Bismark uses tensions to spark little wars so Prussia could gain land. (Realpolitik man)
 * Creation of the Northern Germanic Confederation
 * Conservatism, Capitalism, Romanticism, Constitutional Monarchy
 * Realism
 * Darwinism, Social Darwinism, Microbiology (Pasteurization), Hygenics (Lister)
 * Positivism

3. **Historical debates / approaches** that are playing out amongst scholars to understand this topic?
There is a debate surrounding whether or not von Bismarck wished to create one large unified Germany including all of the small German States or if he just wanted more power for Prussia.

**4. Timeline**
1837-1901-Reign of Queen Victoria 1848-Louis Napoleon elected president of France 1851-Coup d'etat by Louis Napoleon 1852-Creation of second empire in France 1852-1870-Emperor Napoleon III 1854-1856-Crimean War 1855-1881-Tsar Alexander II 1856-Treaty of Paris 1861-Emancipation Edict in Russia 1861-Outbreak of Civil War 1867-Ausgleich: the dual monarchy of Austria 1868-1874-First Liberal Ministry of William Gladstone

1. Who was the most important figure in the unification of Italy?
a. Louis Napoleon b. Giuseppe Garibaldi c. Count Cavour d. King William I

2. All of these are examples of Realist artists or writers except a. Gustave Courbet b. Charles Dickens c. Jean Francois-Millet d. Henry Wallis e. William Flackeray

3. Which is NOT a cause of the Crimean War? a. Protection of Christians in the Ottoman Empire b. Russia gained the left bank of the mouth of the Danube and wanted more. c. Anti-Muslim sentiments in Europe at the time d. The Eastern Question

4. Which is not a main part of Victorianism in England? a. Militarism b. Capitalism c. Romanticism d. Conservatism